In the current paper, we present and discuss a series of experiments in which we investigated people’s willingness to ascribe intentions, as well as blame and praise, to groups. The experiments draw upon the so-called “Knobe Effect”. Knobe [2003. “Intentional action and side effects in ordinary language.” Analysis 63: 190–194] found that the positiveness or negativeness of side-effects of actions influences people’s assessment of whether those side-effects were brought about intentionally, and also that people are more willing to assign blame (...) for negative side-effects of actions than they are to assign praise for positive side-effect of actions. Building upon this research, we found evidence that the positiveness or negativeness of side-effects of group actions influences people’s willingness to attribute intentions to groups, and that people are more willing to assign blame to groups for negative side-effects of actions than they are to assign praise to groups for positive side-effects of... (shrink)

Joint attention is a social-cognitive phenomenon in which two or more agents direct their attention together towards the same object. Definitions range from this rather broad conception to more specific definitions which require that, in addition, attention be directed to the same aspect of that object and that agents need to be mutually aware of their jointly attending. Joint attention is an important coordination mechanism in joint action. The capacity for engaging in joint attention, in particular in the sense of (...) this narrower definition, is frequently taken to indicate the presence of theory of mind in the participating agents, and is also implicated in the development of theory of mind. However, the prominence of sensorimotor components in establishing and sustaining episodes of joint attention — e.g., eye and head movements, pointing and vocalizations — suggests that sensorimotor approaches to social interaction may be well-placed to account for important parts of joint attention without invoking theory-of-mind abilities, and may therefore provide a valuable alternative to approaches emphasizing theory of mind. In particular, sensorimotor accounts may explain aspects of joint attention through the dynamics and regularities in the sensorimotor processes that coordinate the activities of the agents. (shrink)

The seminal ideas of the most influential modern art educator are presented here as he developed them, in edited transcripts of Viktor Lowenfeld's 1958 class lectures and discussions on art education and art therapy. The transcripts serves as explication of Lowenfeld's_ Creative and Mental Growth_, now going into a seventh edition—with posthumous collaborators since the author's death in 1960—translated into all the world's major languages. The experiential basis of Lowenfeld's ideas is revealed through the autobiographical and reflective quality of his (...) lectures and his Socratic dialogs with students. Both his vicarious experience, arising from his erudition, and his immediate experience, stemming from his sensitivity to everyday stimuli, are focused on the problem at hand. The result is a freshness and immediacy as though the author were speaking directly to the reader about mutual concerns. The book presents transcripts of 31 class sessions conducted by Lowenfeld on Art and the Child, Art and the Adolescent, and Art Education Therapy in the year after his election as "Art Educator of the Year" by national Art Education Association. The editor's introduction gives the highlights of Lowenfeld's life and work and the circumstances surrounding the recorded class meetings. The book concludes with a selected bibliography of the works of Viktor Lowenfeld. (shrink)